A Healty Issue :: essays research papers

A Healthy Issue      It has been for quite some time bantered with respect to what technique is the most ideal approach to get more fit. Consistently it appears there is another eating routine rage clearing across America. The introduction of prevailing fashion consumes less calories has carried would like to those needing to get more fit quick. Which is the best eating routine arrangement? There are such a significant number of to browse now, and there are not just eating routine plans. There are several dietary enhancements now accessible just as new-age medical procedures to assist us with doing combating the lump. Every strategy has its own positives and negatives. Some have lead to astounding weight reduction, while others have lead to ailment and even passing. With the entirety of the various ways accessible to get more fit, is there a superior arrangement than to just follow a fair eating routine joined with normal exercise?      Fad counts calories are the most up to date thing to hit our waistlines. They are famous for being a quick method to get more fit. A portion of these eating regimens, just to give some examples models include: Atkins’ Diet, Weight Watchers, Slim Fast, South Beach Diet, The Zone, Subway Diet, eDiets, The Beverly Hills Diet, and the rundown continues endlessly. All guarantee sensational weight reduction that is anything but difficult to keep off as long as you follow their routine. It is safe to say that they are sheltered? Which one is directly for you? To show signs of improvement understanding about what they involve, let’s investigate a couple of them.      The Atkins’ diet is likely the most well known in today’s society. Dr. Robert Atkins, a cardiologist, really thought of his arrangement in 1972. Not at all like the numerous craze eats less carbs that followed, the Atkins’ diet endure the term prevailing fashion, and has really gotten progressively famous as the years have passed. In the Atkins’ diet, the equation is permitting nourishments that are high in protein and that are low in starches. To begin, the arrangement expects you to experience an enlistment period for about fourteen days that will adjust your digestion. An individual is permitted to have as much fat and protein as wanted, however the nourishments must contain under 20 grams of sugars for every day. A portion of the nourishments permitted include: meat, poultry, fish, eggs, oil, spread and cheddar. In the wake of finishing the fourteen day acceptance period, the measure of sugars permitted is multiplied to 35-40 grams for e very day. At the point when the individual arrives at their objective weight, the sum is expanded once more, as much as 60 grams of starches for each day.

The Fall of Rome

The Fall of Rome From its initial days as a government, through the Republic and the Roman Empire, Rome endured a thousand years ... or then again two. The individuals who choose two centuries date the Fall of Rome to 1453 when the Ottoman Turks took Byzantium (Constantinople). The individuals who decide on one thousand years, concur with Roman history specialist Edward Gibbon. Edward Gibbon dated the Fall to September 4, A.D. 476 when a supposed savage named Odoacer (a Germanic chief in the Roman armed force), ousted the last western Roman head, Romulus Augustulus, who was most likely halfway of Germanic parentage. Odoacer considered Romulus so insignificant a danger he didnt even trouble to kill him, yet sent him into retirement.* The Roman Empire Lasted Beyond the Fall The Byzantine Emperor versus the Western Emperor:Â At the hour of the upset and for the two going before hundreds of years, there had been two sovereigns of Rome. One lived in the east, for the most part in Constantinople (Byzantium). The other lived in the west, typically some place in Italy, in spite of the fact that not really the city of Rome. The ruler whom Odoacer removed had lived in Ravenna, Italy. A short time later, there was as yet one Roman ruler, Zeno, who lived in Constantinople. Odoacer turned into the main brute ruler of the western empire.The Roman People Lived On:Â While this bloodless upset in 476 is an as often as possible acknowledged date for the Fall of Rome and the start of the Middle Ages, it was not, at that point, a significant defining moment. Numerous occasions and propensities hinted at it and there were numerous individuals who kept on considering themselves and who keep on being thought of as Romans.Europes Kingdoms (From the Ashes of the Roman Empir e): The accompanying assets identify with the finish of the Roman Empire and the Fall of Rome. This incorporates speculations about the Fall of Rome (counting lead) and a few of the Roman sovereigns whose activities hurried the finish of the Roman Empire in the West. There is a segment with data on significant men whose roots were a long way from the city of Rome. Reasons for the Fall of Rome Hypotheses on the Fall of Rome Non-Romans Who Impacted the Fall of Rome GothsGoths Origins?Michael Kulikowsky clarifies why Jordanes, our fundamental source on the Goths, who is himself viewed as a Goth, ought not be trusted.AttilaProfile of Attila, who is known as the Scourge of God.The HunsIn the modified release of The Huns, E. A. Thompson brings up issues about the military virtuoso of Attila the Hun.IllyriaDescendants of the early pioneers of the Balkans collided with the Roman Empire.JordanesJordanes, himself a Goth, abbreviated a lost history of the Goths by Cassiodorus.OdoacerThe brute who removed the head of Rome.Sons of NubelSons of Nubel and the Gildonic WarIf the children of Nubel hadnt been so anxious to get rid of each other, Africa may have gotten free of Rome.StilichoBecause of individual aspiration, Praetorian Prefect Rufinus forestalled Stilicho from devastating Alaric and the Goths when they had a chance.AlaricAlaric TimelineAlaric didnt need to sack Rome, yet he wanted a spot for his Goths to remain and an appropriate title inside the Roman Empire. In spite of the fact that he didnt live to see it, the Goths got the main self-ruling realm inside the Roman Empire. Rome and Romans Fall of Rome Books:Â Recommended perusing for a cutting edge point of view on the explanations behind the fall of Rome.End of the Republic:Â Content identified with the men and occasions from the Gracchi and Marius through the violent years between Julius Caesars death and the beginning of the principate under Augustus.Why Rome Fell:â 476 CE, the date Gibbon utilized for the fall of Rome dependent on the way that it was then that Odoacer dismissed the ruler of Rome, is questionable similar to the purposes behind the fall.Roman Emperors Leading to the Fall:Â You could state Rome was very nearly tumbling from the hour of its first head or you could state Rome fell in 476 CE or 1453, or even that it hasnt yet fallen.â End of the Republic *I think its pertinent to call attention to that the last lord of Rome was likewise not killed, however just removed. In spite of the fact that ex-ruler Tarquinius Superbus (Tarquin the Proud) and his Etruscan partners attempted to recover the seat by warlike methods, Tarquins genuine statement was bloodless, as per the legends the Romans told about themselves.

United Nations Study Program COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

United Nations Study Program COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Anyone interested in the work the United Nations is doing will find a wealth of opportunity at SIPA to engage with people associated with the United Nations. The United Nations Study Program (UNSP) promotes teaching, training, and career development in the pursuit of multilateral solutions to global dilemmas. Under the direction of Elisabeth Lindenmayer, the Program brings together scholars and practitioners to address the main priorities of the UN â€" security, development, human rights and the environment â€" strengthening synergies between the Columbia community and those within the UN system. In addition there is the United Nations Studies Program Working Group (UNSPWG). The UNSPWG assists the UNSP in the organization of a series of lectures and panels each semester through which students can get “live sources” of information and expand upon the knowledge acquired though readings they do in their coursework. Today these two resources combine to present the following: “Planet UN”â€"A documentary on the challenges of the UN in the 21st century Speakers will include representatives from the UN in human rights, development and peacekeeping 6:00 P.M. Kellogg Conference Center, 15th Floor, International Affairs Building

Economic Impact On The Company - 1071 Words

Economic Impact: Often in cases of bid rigging the amount of money that the company loses is often significantly higher than the if the contract had be awarded to other firms. Given the number and costs of the change orders involved with this case, led to the final construction costs being almost $82,000 over the average of all bids from other construction firms, resulting in TBB losing a great deal of money for the quality of the work performed. Of this $82,000, $62,893 was withdrawn by Larkin Construction in the form of cash. A reasonable assumption with this money is that it was dispersed to parties involved in the bid rigging scheme. Cash would be used (as opposed to ACH transfers) to conceal who benefitted from the bid rigging scheme. These payouts ultimately are what increased the total construction costs, as the increased costs are to cover kickbacks to those involved in the scheme. Misstating Financial Statements- Overstating Revenue through accounts receivable Perpetrators and Pressure: There are some obvious inconsistences between what the accounts receivable being reported was and what our audit team calculated. The perpetrators of this fraud was a combination between Phil Ackers (President) and Julie Roper (Assistant to the President). During our interview, Phil stated that he pushed Julie to sell more group tickets for the season. This was apparent that Julie did apparently sell more group tickets; however, once our audit team started looking into the groupShow MoreRelatedCapital Budgeting Is A Means By Which Companies Can Evaluate The Long Term Economic Impact On Investment Projects1490 Words   |  6 Pagesby which companies can evaluate the long-term economic impact of proposed investment projects. It comprises both a financial and investment component. The complex nature of capital budgeting offers measurability and accountability for making financial decisions regarding which investments are worthwhile in meeting an organization’s strategic plan. Fi nancial simulations offer the opportunity to understand the complexity of capital budgeting. The New Heritage Doll Company is a private company with 450Read MorePest Analysis1689 Words   |  7 Pagessometimes called a STEP, PESTLE or STEEP analysis) looks at the external business environment. PEST stands for Political, Economic, Sociocultural and Technological. Technological factors in this case, include ecological / environmental aspects - the second E in STEEP and PESTLE, while legislative factors are included under Political (the L in PESTLE). The analysis examines the impact of each of these factors (and their interplay with each other) on the business. The results can then be used to take advantageRead MoreHow The Management Teams Should Be Given Power Limitations On Their Decision Choices For Their Employees1498 Words   |  6 Pagesemployees. Economic Analysis for Managers Managers must perform an economic analysis of the industry to confirm how HR departments are operated with the competitions companies. The writer reviewed an article by Schmidt that provided data on the courier service industry. The data will be used to review the economic growth of the industry and its impact on the selected company. Schmidt’s article provides the writer with information on key players, products and services, and economic growth in theRead MoreMarketing Micro and Macro Environmental Factors1669 Words   |  7 Pagesit is a component of global environmental analysis. While analyses are typically carried out on the macro environment, the micro environment still has an important role to play. In summary, the macro environment is involved with the industries, companies, markets, clients and competitors, while the micro environment can be represented by the suppliers, competitors and customers. Macro Environment These are the major external and uncontrollable factors that influence an organizations decisionRead MoreMarketing Strategy Of Coca Cola1295 Words   |  6 Pagescompany also partnered with a multitude of artists, celebrities, athletes, and organizations in various marketing campaigns to promote their products (â€Å"125 years,† 2011). Coca-Cola’s branding, marketing, and well-known products have propelled the company to over a century of success. Domestic and International Operations Today, The Coca-Cola Company is the largest soft drink maker in the world with ownership or licensing rights for over 500 non-alcoholic beverage brands (Bailey, 2014). Of theRead MoreSwot Analysis : Apple As A Company And Their Products1085 Words   |  5 Pagesconsist of political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors that make up an organization and for this paper we will analysis Apple as a company and their products. Apple is among the fastest growing company that has made itself a recognizable consumer name for electronics and gadgets. Investors have always looked forward for investing in Apple due to its strong revenue and high return on investment. Started operating as a traditional computer company, it has continuouslyRead MoreDillard s Inc. Case Study1105 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Dillard department stores is one of the smallest retail chains in the nations, however, it is still a widely known department store. Dillard’s Inc. is a family owned and operated company which gives it some competitive edge over the larger, investor owned retail chains. The company operates about three hundred brick and mortar retail stores and about twenty-five discount stores in the United States. These stores are scattered throughout 29 states; mainly in the southeast, southwestRead MoreInternal And External Factors Affecting A Business Organization1365 Words   |  6 Pagesanalysis, is a technique used by companies to evaluate the internal and external factors affecting a business organization. With this useful tool they are able to set future goals, define strategic plans and collect information about the social environment in which they operate. This strategic tool is classified by internal factors (Strengths and Weaknesses), means that the company has total control o f it and external factors (Opportunities and Threats), the company cannot control it. Internal factorsRead MoreResearch On The Determinants Of Economic Growth Is A Common1438 Words   |  6 PagesResearch on the determinants of economic growth is a common focus area in the economics – both because economic growth is an excellent indicator of well-being and the policy-makers want to know what fact2ors can affect this well-being. Previous literature has identified many factors which contribute to the well-being of a country and among these factors; Foreign Direct Investment is persistently seen. Economists have limited tools to measure well-being; reliance on GDP, GDP per capita, GDP growthRead MoreU.s. Healthcare Systems Of The United States1185 Words   |  5 Pagesyear and clearly shows the impact that it can have on the economy. As the years have passed by, so has the political landscape. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010 with the intent to improve the uninsured numbers and make necessary changes to the healthcare coverage across the nations. This healthcare act was just one that highlighted the absolute importance of healthcare in the United States and how much of an impact it could have on the economy

Architect An Artist Of The Modern World - 1000 Words

Architect: An Artist of the Modern World Ever wonder what it’s like to be an architect? With skills like drawing and math it could be something worth doing. Having the ability to write for long periods and stay inside all day sitting aren’t bad traits to have either. Why wonder what it’s like to be an architect when one can be an architect? With some different skills that can easily be obtained, some schooling, and There are different tasks that an architect will have to do and different skills that one needs to be an architect. On a typical day of work an architect will be required to create blue prints for a client for construction. Skills for this are ones such as drawling for the creation of blue prints. Classes in school to be taken are ones like an art class for drawling and there are blue print drawling classes that can be taken. Skills like being able to measure precisely are also something that an architect needs. Classes for this are ones like a math class that have to do with measuring. Being able to make precis measurements and directions for the construction workers to follow is important. Key skills needed are ones like blue print drawling, making precis measurements for workers to follow, being able to write for long periods of time, and staying indoors for most of the day. There are not many hazards that come with the job of an architect. Getting a cramp in the hand from writing to much is hardly a hazard of work. One of the only hazards there is in beingShow MoreRelatedThe Artist Zaha Mohammad Hadid1065 Words   |  5 PagesContemporary Bisual Artist The artist Zaha Mohammad Hadid is a very successful and one of the most famous contemporary female architects in the world. As an architect, the usual mediums that she used for building are such as Glass, Aluminum, Stainless Steel, GRG (glass reinforced gypsum), and Terrazzo (â€Å"Galaxy Soho,† 2012). Zaha Hadid’s style is organic, contemporary and innovative. She founded an international architecture and design called Zaha Hadid Architects. Their studio is located in 10 BowlingRead MoreEssay on Medieval vs. Renaissance Art887 Words   |  4 Pagesthe people in the medieval world, religion was their life. Everything in daily life focused around the church and God (Modern World 164). Medieval culture influenced the arts; this was evident in the religious themes. During the Italian Renaissance, painters and other artists focused on the portrayal of a more humanistic way of life. Renaissance artists’ work portrayed realism with â€Å"lifelike human figures i n their paintings† (Modern World 164). Renaissance artists wanted to express ancient GreekRead MoreTravel From The Modern Age Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesName Professor/Instructor Course 28 November 2014 Travelling Back in Time Introduction In the modern age, there are numerous innovations and inventions. The field of technology had expanded to almost every corner of the world. Terms such as ‘global village’ have been used to describe the modern era. Therefore, to travel back in time to would be essential to understanding how famous Renaissance artists founded innovations, inventions and discoveries. As such, I would request for a time travel grantRead MoreThe Arts and Crafts Movement Essay1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe Arts and Craft movement was a social and artistic movement, which began in Britain in the second half of the nineteenth century and continued into the twentieth spreading to continental Europe and the USA. Its adherents-artists, architects, designers and Craftsmen sought to reassert the importance of and craftsmanship in all arts in the face of increasing industrialization, which they felt was sacrificing quality in the pursuit of quantity. Its supporters and practioners were united not so m uchRead MoreEssay on Which Comes First: The Art or the Artist?1248 Words   |  5 PagesComes First: The Art or the Artist? A Historical Perspective The approach of the year 2000 seems a good time to think about the way the role of art and the artist has changed through history, and how modern art is interpreted by a modern audience. Writing about modern art gives me the creeps. In other types of art, clear facts can be asserted with security, public reactions are clearly documented, skills can be appreciated, and art is clearly recognized as such. Modern art defys all of these conventionsRead MoreThe Renaissance Era1529 Words   |  6 Pagesof the World). â€Å"They rebuilt education around their new ideas, seeing its purpose more in character development than in practical training† (History of the World). Education became more important to people. This is called Humanism and the Humanists were the scholarly leaders during the Renaissance (Culture of the Renaissance). A significant change with the world of the Arts is very noticeable. â€Å"Flemish painters brought a new kind of detailed realism to painting† (History of the World). TheRead MoreThe Impact of Renaissance on the Present1204 Words   |  5 Pagesaided in shaping the modern world that we live in today. Some of the more influential elements of everyday modern life are the result of cultural and societal changing events, which transpired throughout the years 1350-1600. During the period known today as the â€Å"Renaissance† (1350-1600), the world of art, the boundaries of marriage, and secular viewpoints were forever revolutionized, through the development and spread of â€Å"Renaissance Humanism†, which today, still affects modern day life. (Knox 1999)Read MoreModernism Movement : High And Low Modernism1277 Words   |  6 Pagessocial circumstances provoke the artists and designers with inspirations of new ideas and philosophy towards art and design? How did th e movements influence each other and which one of them was more influential? An evident answer to these questions is through the exploration of Modernism movement: High and Low Modernism. World War I not only stimulated rapid advances in human technologies but also aroused new radical approaches to the political, industrial and social world. As consequences to these approachesRead MoreBiography Of Charles Edouard Jeanneret Gris1489 Words   |  6 Pages The architectural world in the 20th century regards him as a pseudonym, a man whose systematic expressions of design shaped the physical structures of society in addition to the ideas of those who worked in his field alongside him. Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris was the target of global frustration, for his enlightened views on a new age of architecture were not ones that the early 20th century was willing to embrace. However, there were several voices that spanned from the decades of his life toRead MoreArchitecture And Architecture : Architect Frank Gehry1706 Words   |  7 Pagesup, those of us who are non-architects tend to close mindedly think only about buildings. This apparent disconnect between what is co nceived as architecture and what is conceived as art has long plagued the architects of this world. It is almost as if there is an accepted notion that architects can be artists, but artists simply cannot be architects which decidedly makes architecture first and foremost architecture, not art. Architect Frank Gehry is one such architect with artistic tendencies whose

Concepts of Electrostasis Free Essays

Why do you suppose this is so? -Outer electrons are loosely bound with the nucleus because of their larger distance from the nucleus, so they can be easily stripped off. In the case of the inner electrons, the opposite is true. They are more tightly bound because their closer to the nucleus, so they are more difficult to remove them. We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Electrostasis or any similar topic only for you Order Now 52) You are not harmed by contact with a charged metal ball, even though its voltage may be very high. Is the reason similar to why you are not harmed by the rater than 1 ICC sparks from a Fourth of July sparkler? Defend your answer in terms of the energies that are involved. Yes. The reason is similar, because the amount of energies involved in both cases is very small. Chapter 23: Electric Current 46) In the circuit shown, how do the brightness’s Of the identical lightships compare? Which bulb draws the most current? What will happen if Bulb A is unscrewed? If Bulb C is unscrewed? -The brightness of Bulb A and Bulb B will be the same, while Bulb C will be twice as Bulbs A or B. Bulb C draws the most current. When Bulb A is unscrewed, Bulb C will glow as it had and Bulb B will not glow. If Bulb C is unscrewed, Bulb A and Bulb B will glow at the same brightness. Chapter 24: Magnetism 15) One way to make a compass is to stick a magnetized needle into a piece of cork and float it in a glass bowl full of water. The needle will align itself with the horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field. Since the north pole of this compass is attracted northward, will the needle float toward the north side of the bowl? Defend your answer. -The needle will point toward the northward direction; however, it will not eve towards the northward side since the forces acting on the needle balances each other Out, remaining at rest. 3) In a mass spectrometer, ions are directed into a magnetic field, where they curve and strike a detector. If a variety of singly unionized atoms travel at the same speed through the magnetic field, would you expect them all to be deflected by the same amount, or would different ions be bent different amounts? Defend your answers. -Deflection of ions by magnetic fields solely depends upon their charge/ mass ratio. This is di fferent for different ions. Chapter 25: Electromagnetic Induction 2) A certain simple earthquake detector consists of a little box firmly anchored to Earth. Suspended inside the box is a massive magnet that is surrounded by stationary coils of wire fastened to the bode. Explain how this device works, applying two important principles of physics-?one studied in Chapter 2 and the other in this chapter. -When an earthquake occurs, stationary coils inside the detector begin to vibrate and a relative motion between the coils and magnets is generated. The motion of the coils induces voltage into the coils. As a result, the intensity of the earthquake is recorded. ) A length of wire is bent into a closed loop and a magnet is plunged into it, inducing a voltage and, consequently, a current in the wire. A second length of wire, twice as long, is bent into two loops of wire, and a magnet is similarly plunged into it. Twice the voltage is induced, but the current is the same as that produced in the single loop. Why? -The voltage induced is directly proportional to the number Of loops Of the wire. Resistance is directly proportional to the length of the wire as long as all other parameters are constant in the formula R=PL/A. The second wire has wise the length and twice the number of turns than the first wire. 43) The metal wing of an airplane acts like a â€Å"wire† flying through Earth’s magnetic field. A voltage is induced between the wing tips, and a current flows along the wing but only for a short time. Why does the current stop even though the airplane contain use flying through Earth’s magnetic field? -The current stops even though the airplane continues to fly through the Earth’s magnetic field, because the losses which occurred when a motor operates a generator and when the voltage is stepped up by a transformer is not considered. After the completion of each cycle, the energy outputted decreases due to the losses in the motor, the generator, and the transformer. Therefore, this will stop. Chapter 32: The Atom and the Quantum 6) Why does classical physics predict that atoms should collapse? -According to classical physics, an accelerated charged particle emits radiation. An electron that is orbiting the nucleus should radiate energy and move into a spiral path that ends at the nucleus. Therefore, atoms should collapse from a classical physics description. 28) When and where do Newton’s laws of motion and quantum mechanics overlap? When the size of the system is very large compared to the De Brogue wavelength, the Newton’s laws of motion and quantum mechanics overlap. Chapter 33: The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity 16) Two protons in an atomic nucleus repel each other, but they are also attracted to each other. Explain. -Two protons in an atomic nucleus repel each other and also attract each Other, because of Coulomb Repulsion. The protons repel each other; however, due to a strong nuclear force, they also attract each other. 47) Why is carbon dating ineffective in finding the ages of dinosaur bones? How to cite Concepts of Electrostasis, Papers

Festival Destination and Special Events Planning

Question: Discuss about the Festival Destination and Special Events Planning. Answer: Introduction Event management and planning could be tricky as event managers have to manage the expectations of various stakeholders. Generally, the event marketing and managers would have to manage the internal and external variables to get the best output from any event (Niekerk Getz, 2016). The event could be a day event or a week event. However, 100 of hours of planning is required to make any event successful. With the latest marketing tools like social media and Internet making, it is relatively easy to reach out to target audience. However, it is important that event marketing managers should make continuous attempt to keep the targeted audience engages. The objective of this report is to discuss the event in terms of various internal and external factors. The report would discuss the goals and objectives of the events and the way event marketing is done. The event under consideration is, Clunes Booktown Festival. The annual Clunes Booktown Festival is back on Saturday 6th and Sunday 7th May, with 18,000 people expected to join the most amazing whole town bookshop experience in Australia. This is an annual event where various author talks about their books and there are various panel discussions. This year, Headline authors this year include Clementine Ford, the Hon. Tim Fischer AC, Hannah Kent, Kate Grenville, A.S. Patric and Annie Raser-Rowland. It can be said that this event is one stop destination for all book enthusiasts. In this event, people get the chance to discover the rare books. People also get a chance to listen to live music and watch the street performances of various artists. There is an entry price of $10 for the event. The entry price is $5 for students. The Clunes Booktown Festival is an event to celebrate the books and conversations. It is a platform to get to know the like-minded people and enjoy the various books on numerous topics from art and literature to support, technology, life-sciences and fiction. The purpose of the event is to spread the awareness about the books and create a platform where the interested people can get the access to various books. Event marketing There are various tools that are being used for the marketing of this event. The event planners intend to use a combination of traditional and modern marketing channels. In terms of event marketing mix for this event, it can be assumed that traditional marketing focus of this event is only 10% to 15%. The majority of event marketing happens through social media marketing and Internet marketing (Bruce, 2015). The various modern marketing tools as used in the event can be shown as: The event marketing could also be discussed with reference to the four Ps of marketing. The marketing mix or the 4Ps of marketing for this event can be discussed as: Marketing Mix (Product): It would be correct to say that product element of the marketing mix is one of the most important element. The product of this event is the books that people get to read. In terms of collection of books, it can be said that event provides a great collection of books. The marketing of the event is done with the focus on Product. For example, the social bites like Facebook and Twitter posts highlight the rich collection of books that this event would have (Harris Edwards, 2014). The Facebook and Twitter posts also focuses on the learned authors that appears as guests in the event. It can be said that the product positioning of this event is good. Marketing Mix (Price): The tickets of the event are very reasonably priced at $10. In fact, there is a special 50% discount for students and students can get the ticket for $5 only. It can be said that event planners have used a very effective pricing strategy as people will not feel burden. The event planners would want to focus on the economy of scale as it is expected that close to 20,000 people would visit the event. The event also has provision of few VIP passes and special discounts and offers for people like Army officers, sports person, etc. Marketing Mix (Promotion): Almost 90% of the event promotion is done on social media channels. There are two major platforms for promotions. These are Facebook and Twitter. The event has a strong FB page where users can interact with other users and at the same time they can ask the questions to event planners. The event also has a Twitter handle that is being used to communicate the words and news about the event. In addition to the Facebook and Twitter, the event also uses Internet marketing and e-mail marketing. The people who register themselves with the event gets email with the latest news, information and update about the event. Marketing Mix (Place): The place is an also a critical element of marketing mix. The place of the event is good. The event is scheduled to happen in Fraser street, Clunes. The Fraser street is a happening street in Victoria. The people should not have any problem in visiting the place where event is held (Ruhanen Whitford, 2014). Therefore, it can be said that the marketing mix of place is very well managed by the event organisers. The initial analysis suggests that the marketing managers and the event planners have done a great job to manage the event. It is critical that all the four elements of the marketing mix should be used in a collaborated manner so that events can achieve its desired objectives. Evaluation of event Once the event is over, it is important to evaluate the event. There are various measures to evaluate the success of any event. The three key evaluation measures that would be used to evaluate this event can be discussed as: Users feedback: On the spot feedback, will be collected from the users who will visit the event. This method of evaluation will be the best method as it involves direct interaction with the users (Jones Newsome, 2016). The chances of biasness are very less in this method. Past Data point: The past data points will be used to compare with the current data points. For example, in the last years event, the footfall was 18,000 people. It is expected that the footfall will further increase this year. This data point clubbed with other data points will be a great source of information to evaluate the event. Evaluation against the set KPIs: There would be various Key Performance Indicators that can be used to assess the event. For example, customer satisfaction index and employee satisfaction index. It is important to mention that evaluation will be done from the perspective of various internal and external stakeholders (Buning Gibson, 2016). It is important that people should not leave the internal stakeholders while doing the evaluation. Conclusion The above paper discusses the event of Clunes Booktown Festival. With the above discussion, it can be said that the marketing activities of the event are on track. The paper also discusses the various ways and means to evaluate the event. At this moment, it appears that the event should be successful if the planners and organizers can work in a collaborated and integrated manner as per the event marketing mix. References Bruce, D., 2015. Post incident research-gaining knowledge after the event. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, The, 30(3), p.6. Buning, R.J. and Gibson, H.J., 2016. The role of travel conditions in cycling tourism: implications for destination and event management. Journal of Sport Tourism, 20(3-4), pp.175-193. Harris, R., Edwards, D., Foley, C. and Schlenker, K., 2014. Australian Event Symposium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 13-14 September 2012. Event Management, 18(4), pp.405-472. Jones, C., Newsome, D. and Macbeth, J., 2016. Governance and environmental implications of motorised events: insights from Australia and avenues for further inquiry. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(7), pp.680-696. Ruhanen, L. and Whitford, M., 2014. Indigenous Tourism and Events for Community Development in Australia. In Tourism as an Instrument for Development: A Theoretical and Practical Study (pp. 183-194). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. The annual Clunes Booktown Festival. 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.visitmelbourne.com/regions/Daylesford-and-the-Macedon-Ranges/Events/Art-and-exhibitions/Literature/Clunes-Booktown-Festival.aspx#overview Van Niekerk, M. and Getz, D., 2016. The Identification and Differentiation of Festival Stakeholders. Event Management, 20(3), pp.419-431.

Symptoms And Factors Of Chlamydia Essays - , Term Papers

Symptoms And Factors Of Chlamydia Symptoms and Factors of Chlamydia The sexually transmitted disease caused by microorganisms that live, as parasites within a cell would commonly be known as Chlamedia. These microorganisms have properties in common with both viruses and bacteria, and cause infection in humans. The causes and risk factors of the Chlamydia infection is caused by the organism Chlamydia trachomas. It is to be the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United states with an estimated 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 people per year. (Even with the 2,000,000 people of gonorrhea, reported and unreported) The spread is higher among lower society groups and among teenagers. Chlamydia is very important because of the consequences of untreated infection. The importance of genital chlamydia infections is without symptoms until complications appear. Chlamydia: In men, chlamydia produces symptoms similar to gonorrhea. Chlamydia (female): Infection with chlamydia frequently leads to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which can cause scarring of the Fallopian tubes and sterility. An estimated 20% of women who get PID will be infertile. Tubule wounds also increases the likelihood of a bad pregnancy (tubule pregnancy). If women are infected with chlamydia while pregnant the infection can cause premature labor and delivery. Plus the infant have a chance of Developing chlamydial conjunctivitis (eye infection) and a 15% chance of developing chlamydial pneumonia. A meaning of chlamydial infections do not cause symptoms; but when they are present; it is similar to those of gonorrhea. In men, this may include burning with urination, discharge from the end of the penis, tenderness or pain in the testicles and lower abdomen and fever and. Women may also have urinary burning, increased frequency, and a mild urethra discharge. Infection of the female reproductive tract can include the Bartholin ducts, vagina, cervix, endometrium, and fallopian tubes. Chlamydia can also cause rectal infections. There are three strains of chlamydia that are responsible for another sexually transmitted disease, and is called lymphogranuloma venereum. This disease is seen more in under developed countries but has gone worldwide. In the United States it is seen mostly in homosexual men. For the reason that Chlamydia infections is often found in conjunction with gonorrhea. People who are get with gonorrhea should also be evaluated for chlamydia infection. The national Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends annual chlamydia screening for all sexually active adolescent girls and for other females who may be at high risk for the infection. People that are 25 years old don't use contraceptives all of the time and have new or multiple sex partners. They probably have signs of a possible cervical infection have previously had an STD. Females who are at risk because of their age and sexual activity need to get screened at least once a year. Other chlamydia experts have recently questione d whether that is even a lot. Based on a study experts had conducted in 1998, colleagues at Johns Hopkins University recently recommended a twice-yearly screening of sexually active female adolescents. In tracking more than 3,000 sexually active Baltimore high school girls for three years, they found that more than a quarter of them tested positive for chlamydia at least once in that time frame. By keeping with this test screening was recommended for pregnant women, also, because of the risk that their babies will become infected with chlamydia at birth. No screening was given to males. Because it could have been overlooked. There is a lot of chlamydia in men that we're missing, and they are a major reservoir of infection. Said the experts. We're really only putting a band-aid on the problem because, even if we're screening the women, some are going back to their partners and getting reinfected. There has been major progress in the treatment of chlamydia with antibiotics over the past few years. Common side effects of these treatments include diarrhea (7%), nausea (5%), abdominal pain (5%), and vomiting (2%). Once again a person can get and spread chlamydia through unprotected vaginal and anal sex. Preventing chlamydia means approaching sexual relationships responsibly: limit the number of your sex partners, use condoms, and if you think you are infected, avoid any sexual contact and visit a local STD clinic, hospital, or your doctor. Bibliography The Food and Drug Administration. FDA Consumer

How We Launched 4 Features in 4 Weeks with a Culture of Shipping

How We Launched 4 Features in 4 Weeks with a Culture of Shipping Here at , we just completed a major sprint to launch four major new features in less than 6 weeks. Whew. It was a lot of fun. Were leaving 2016 BIGLY so that you can consolidate your toolset in 2017! Welcome our 4th NEW feature in 6 weeks: #Instagram Scheduling https://t.co/srhEwtJpin Garrett Moon (@garrett_moon) November 29, 2016 In case you missed it, here’s what we launched. If you only want to learn how we did it, feel free to skip ahead. Four Features In Under Six Weeks: ReQueue is the most intelligent way to automate your social media. This is one of my favorite features ever, because it helps you make the most of the hard work you put into social media schedule. Now, will help you reuse to best social messages again when it sees a gap in your schedule. It’s the perfect social companion for the busiest of marketers. Instagram has quickly become one of the most important social networks for marketers and now you can schedule Instagram messages right from , along side the rest of your marketing strategy. Instagram publishing really makes the one-stop tools for your entire marketing strategy. Content UX included a major update to how content is managed on the calendar. While it included a massive design refresh, it also added a lot of functional changes around usability and user experience that make easier to use and collaborate with you team. Social Media Analytics helps our users prove the ROI of the work they do by eliminate the tedious process of gathering, analyzing, and reporting on your analytics. Now you can do it from one place with ’s social message analytics and Social Engagement Reports. Long story short, that’s a lot of code to ship in short amount of time. So, how did we do it? How A Culture Of Shipping Drives Our Work EthicI call it a culture of shipping. Its one of our core values: Bias for Action. We know that ideas don’t matter unless they become action. We always err on the side of shipping, failing fast, and getting better as we go along. But before we get too far, I want to let you in on our dirty little secret. We don’t launch 100% of our features all at once. Don’t get me wrong, these were great features, but they were the 1.0 version. This means that for every aspect of the feature we actually launched, there are between 3 and 4 major improvements that were left on the to do list. In general, I believe that the common concept of a â€Å"launch† is very misleading. Most of the time, we think of a launch as a singular event. We slave away for months in hiding while building something brand new. When it finally comes time to make it public we launch, and make a big splash. There are blog posts, tweets, press releases, and sometimes fanfare. And then it’s over. We move on to the next project and look forward to another â€Å"big launch.† But, that’s not really how things work. Your audience will never absorb your launch the way you expect them to. They’re busy and distracted. You’re probably going to have to tell them about feature XYZ three or four times before they actually pay attention. In short, launches shouldn’t be a singular event. They are just the beginning. They should really be just one singular step in an overall process of iteration. Launches should be one singular step in an overall process of iterationIteration is really at the heart of what makes for a great â€Å"culture of shipping.† Everything is iterative, including your skills and abilities, your marketing efforts, and your feature launches. A process of getting something out there and then making slow and steady improvements over time is what defines ’s culture. It isn’t sexy, but dang it if it doesn’t work. So, let’s get practical. What can you do to make sure your team builds a culture of shipping? Here are a few of the things we do every day to keep the shipping alive. 1. Wins Make for More Wins When planning something new you are bound to develop big visions of excellence and grander. Take it easy cowboy/girl. Rather than trying to build the biggest and best right out of the gate, break your project into pieces. Think of it as a series of â€Å"launches† rather than one massive unveiling. Breaking projects down into tiny launch-able pieces will give you and your team some early wins. Wins can easily turn into momentum and momentum is exactly what fuels a culture of shipping. Around here, we like to break feature development into a series of 1-2 week projects- each one ending with a launch of some kind. We try not to focus on the whole enchilada. Rather, we focus on the smaller iterative goals that will need to be met in order to succeed. This ultra simple framework keeps us focused and motivated, and ultimately leads to the big win. Wins make for more wins.2. We Assume that Our Customers Know More Than Us When planning a new feature or launch, it can be easy to assume that you are the smartest person in the room. Work on a feature long enough and you’ll believe that no one understands it better than you. Unfortunately, you’ll probably be right. So, what if no one understands it but you? Feedback matters a lot. The world loves to emphasize the myth of the â€Å"lone genius† or the Steve Jobs personality in all of us. WRONG. There isn’t a such things as a lone genius in real life. In real life those geniuses had spouses, colleagues, or competitors that drove them and made them better. For a startup like , those drivers are our users. With every feature we launch, we try to leave a lot of room for customers to influence version 2.0. When a new feature goes live, our list of back burner items becomes irrelevant. From that point forward, customer feedback shapes version 2.0. There isn’t a such things as a lone genius in real life.3. We Focus on Failing Fast Most of us try to avoid making mistakes. If we can’t avoid them, we at least try to make sure no one notices them when they happen. But, this reflex is in itself a mistake. Instead, the better approach is to assume that you will fail and build it right into your process. We call this failing fast. Rather than trying to be perfect, aim to fail as quickly as possible. If you’re building something new, show it to someone else as soon as you can. Even before you’re ready. Get feedback. Figure out what’s wrong The sooner you know what’s wrong, the sooner you can improve it, and that will help you move faster. My background is in graphic design, and this can be a huge problem in that industry. Designers love to â€Å"move pixels† and make things perfect before showing their work to anyone. But, this is a mistake. It makes them slow and oftentimes damages the end result. Don’t assume you know it all. Assume that you will fail, and build it right into your process so that you know to expect it. Assume that you will fail, and build it right into your process so that you know to expect it.4. We Keep Things Simple Complicated features are bad for users (and for you). At , we’ve paid that price before. For example, the first version of ReQueue was overbuilt. Because we didn’t ship soon enough, the feature ended up getting too complicated and messy. When we gave it to a set of beta users and they were confused. They didn’t understand how to make the feature do what we said it could do. We ended up scrapping the entire project and building something different that was much simpler and more iterative. It was a lesson we don’t want to have to learn twice. Over time, we’ve learned to keep things as simple as possible. Sometime complex features are necessary, but it is better to iterate our way into them, rather than building it all at once. Stay iterative. Keep it simple. Ship on time! #aCultureOfShipping #OverheardAt5. Despite What You Believe, Launch Day Doesn’t Really Matter I’ve already mentioned that launch day barely matters, but it bears repeating. Teams routinely put a lot of time into their big unveiling to find out that no one was really paying attention. The true art of the launching comes from realizing that launching is a process, not an event. It’s about the process of shipping, not just launching. From a marketing standpoint this means that we should be talking about new features for week and months after they launch. From a product standpoint this means that we should be building and perfecting a feature for months after they are live. This isn’t a one and done type of scenario. We are so conditioned to believe that launch day is an event. We believe that our marketing is a narrative and that customers read every page, but they don’t. Marketing is messy. Shipping is messy. You’re better off with a process that embraces the mess than one that works against it.

GAAP versus IFRS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GAAP versus IFRS - Research Paper Example IFRS stands for International Financial Reporting Standards. It includes the accounting standards proposed by International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and International Accounting Standards (IAS). IFRS is becoming the international standard for the preparation of financial statements especially of public corporations (Haris, 2013). Now the question is why corporations are conversion new standards of IFRS from GAAP? There are some benefits which IFRS is offering to corporations. Some of the benefits are as follow: According to Julie (2013), IFRS enable corporations to present its financial statements on the same basis as its international competitors are adopting, it makes the comparison easier. To facilitate more accurate comparisons to foreign competitors, some U.S. companies may view IFRS as an opportunity to supplement their current reporting with reporting or commentary based on IFRS. Most of the U.S. Corporation’s glance at new markets therefore they have to take on with IFRS in order to secure licenses, raise capital, or comply with requirements of local regulators. Overseas clients, merchants, or lessors might too involve IFRS financial statements. IFRS is beneficial for the firm who want to raise the capital abroad or it is most beneficial for the corporations who have international investors. Corporations having subsidiaries in countries require having IFRS in order to use one accounting language company-wide. Haris (2013) stated that the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is using in more than 110 countries. Majority of the countries among these 110 countries are developed. So IFRs must have some key distinction from the U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) which are as follow: IFRS is more of a principle based accounting standards where as GAAP has more rule based accounting standards. Principle based accounting standard has the capability to effectively corresponds and detain the economic

Workplace Stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Workplace Stress - Essay Example The stress and strain day in and day out may result in broken families and relationships. It can also cause depression, anxiety and mental ill-health. Ever since the creation of the Law Enforcement Administration in 1968, tremendous amount of research on policing, police departments and police officers in the United States, has been carried out. Examining the effects of service, work and gender activities of the perception of officers of the workplace and their general work world, revealed that this perception is closely related to what they do than who they are ( Winfree, Jr. Guiterman & Mays, 1997). Police work tends to be regarded as inherently stressful because of the personal risk of being exposed to violence, confrontation, and the day to day involvement in various traumatic incidents. The stress faced by the police officers has been referred to as the "police paradox" (Cullen et. al. 1983) because both the safe and unsafe aspects of the job combine to produce the stress symptoms. Policing is considered to be a highly stressful job especially for female police officers, who are caught up between the increasing threats of violence on our streets. In a research focusing on the workplace stress problems for both men and women in the police force, a survey carried out in 25 departments revealed that although both men and women experienced many similar problems, the gendered nature of the police organizations cause unique stresses for women (Morash & Haarr, 1995). Work stress is observed to be associated with depression, anxiety, post traumatic stress symptoms and chronic back pain (Gershon, Lin & Li Xianbin, 2002). They also assessed that work characterized stress, coping strategies and health related outcomes from a sample of police officers aged 50. The findings suggested that older officers especially the female police officers are at an increasing risk of being subjected to work stress related health problems, if they rely on risky health behaviors in order to cope with stress. Although both the male and the female police officers are exposed to relatively the same types of work stressors, but the female officers report higher rates of sex discrimination and prejudice which contributes to psychological distress. Another work stressor to be taken into consideration is that there are more chances of the female police officers and detectives to be involved with sexual offenders or victims of violence. This causes higher levels of self-perceived stress in females than faced by male police officers (Brown & Fielding, 1993). The results also showed that uniformed women constables were less likely to be exposed to police operational stressors which involved the chances for violence, but in case of such exposure, the reactions reported by female officers were brutal than those from uniformed policemen. In addition to that the organizational issues such as the demands of work intruding upon the life at home, lack of communication and consultation, lack of control over the workload, insufficient support and excess of workload in general; are major work stressors. It is also observed that both personal and occupational stressors in female police officers from personality constraints appeared to be more stress-prone. All these stressors are symptoms of

Protein Purification Methods And Structure Functions Biology Essay

Protein Purification Methods And Structure Functions Biology Essay Protein purification is the method by which particular protein of interest is being separated from a complex mixture. This is a very important process in order to understand the structure, function and interactions of particular protein. First of all separation of protein from the matrix containing it and then its separation from non protein parts and finally separating desired protein from other proteins. There are three general analytical purification methods on the basis of protein properties. Firstly on the basis of isoelectric point, then size or molecular mass and lastly on the basis of hydrophobicity or polarity. Purification of protein is generally dependent upon its properties which are determined by its amino acid sequence. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_purification). Molecular parameters of human TNF alpha such as molecular weight and isoelectric point was studied by using the postparam program of ExPASY web tool. The molecular weight was found to be 58675.5 and th eoretical pI was 5.06. Purification The recombinant human TNF alpha is synthesized by the transformed K. lactis and was secreted out into the nitrogen free minimal medium because of ÃŽÂ ±-MF signal sequence present in the expression vector pkLAC2. Purification of human TNF alpha was done in few steps procedure. The first step in the purification of particular protein is its recovery from the medium and in this case TNF alpha is released outside of the cell in extra cellular medium. This is done by the help of centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 20 minutes to separate cells and the culture media. The desired protein is present in the supernatant from where it is collected and subjected to further purification. Affinity Chromatography The human TNF alpha protein has been tagged with the hemagglutinin (HA) peptide. In order to purify the protein, Pierce HA Tag IP/Co-IP Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 2010) was used that provide affinity resin and other reagent to perform immunoprecipitation or co-immunoprecipitation reactions by using HA tagged protein as bait. This kit contains the prepared agarose affinity resin, buffers, microcentrifuge spin columns, a positive control and easy-to-follow instructions. Highly specific anti- HA anitibody is covalently immobilized on the beaded agarose in the kit. There is precipitation of HA tagged protein on the agarose after incubation. This specific interaction complex is being easily eluted from the resis by using simple washing steps and then is supplied with SDS-PAGE sample loading buffer for further analysis. SDS-PAGE After isolating and extraction of the desired protein, its purity is checked by using a technique known as SDS-PAGE (Sodium dodycyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel). SDS-PAGE is a technique used for the characterization and separation of peptides and proteins in a complex mixture. The characterization of SDS-PAGE depends upon the molecular weight of a particular protein and its electrophoretic mobility. The structure of protein also effects its migration of protein through the gel. Sodium dodycyl sulphate (SDS) is anionic surfactant produce a negative charge coat on the proteins. These charged particles move towards their opposite charge electrode under the influence of electric fluid during electrophoresis. The electrophoresis of the protein through the gel is majorly affected by the ionic composition, pH and temperature of electrophoretic medium. In electrophretic migration, the pour size of the gel is also one of the major factors that affect electrophoresis. (Creighton, 1998) After loading the sample, the gel was run at constant current for 2-3 hours. Uniform bands were observed on the gel indicating the purity of protein. Mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry is a technique which can be used to determine the purity of protein. As molecular weight of a protein is an important characteristic, that can indicate its purity. Mass spectrometer is a technique that detects mass to charge ratio of ions. The procedure involved is first loading of the sample for ionization in mass spectrometer. The molecules can be manipulated easily when they are ionized. These ionized molecules are separated on the basis of their mass to charge ratio in analyzer region. Afterwards, these separated ions are detected analyzed by the detector. Mass spectrometer works in a high vacuum, so that the traveling of the ions is not hindered by the air molecule during their passage from one end to the other. The mass obtain in the result is analyzed and compared with the known mass of TNF-alpha. In case of similarity in the masses, it is confirmed that the protein is completely pure. Any dissimilarity indicates that the protein is not completely purified. (Creighton, 1998) Biological Activity of TNF-alpha The biological activity of TNF-alpha can be determined by Human TNF-alpha Elisa kit (Signosis, Inc 2010). The principle of this assay is based upon solid phase ELISA. The mouse anti human TNF-alpha antibody is used in this assay for immobilization of TNF-alpha protein. For detection purpose, goat anti human TNF-alpha antibodies, which are conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with streptavidin are used. The two antibodies and the sample are incubated for allowing the reaction to take place. It leads to a sandwich formation of TNF-alpha protein in between the two antibodies. The wells are then washed after incubation, so that the unbound enzyme-linked antibodies are removed. Tetramethylbenzidin (TMB) is added in the well which is a HRP substrate. It develops a blue color while reacting with streptravidin-HRP conjugate. A stop solution is then added which changes the blue color into yellow. It is then analyzed spectrophotometrically. Absorbance is measured at 450 nm. (Signosis, In c 2010) Component of Human TNF-alpha Elisa Kit Mouse anti-human TNF-alpha antibody coated 96 well microplate. Goat anti-human TNF-alpha antibodies, biotin labeled. Streptravidin-HRP conjugate. Substrate. Standard recombinant TNF-alpha (290ng/ml) Assay wash buffer. Blocking buffer. Stop solution.

Essay Invisible Hand Essay

The invisible hand is a metaphor coined by the economist Adam Smith. Once in â€Å"The Wealth of Nations† and other writings, Smith demonstrated that, in a free market, an individual pursuing his own self-interest tends to also promote the good of his community as a whole through a principle that he called â€Å"the invisible hand†. He argued that each individual maximizing revenue for himself maximizes the total revenue of society as a whole, as this is identical with the sum total of individual revenues. Smith used the term ‘invisible hand’ only three times, but the metaphor later gained widespread use Several new interpretations of Adam Smith’s invisible hand have recently been published in leading general-interest economic journals. These interpretations attempt to bring Smith forward in time, to make him more modern, and to fashion him in the image of the modern welfare theorist. Here we go back in time and find the source for both of Smith’s economic applications of the invisible hand in Richard Cantillon’s model of the isolated estate. With this connection established, we know what Smith read and dubbed the invisible hand. Introduction We now know a great deal about the intricacies and details of Adam Smith’s life and economics. Scholars have, for example, poured over his views on the organization of religion, his views of the corporation, and even his tenure as a tax collector, and have established definite conclusions. In contrast, Smith’s most famous concept—â€Å"the invisible hand†Ã¢â‚¬â€has in recent years been placed in an intellectual quagmire as a result of a surprising resurgence of interest in the meaning of the concept. Several new interpretations of the concept have been published in the leading general-interest economic journals, as well as those that specialize in the history of economic thought. This widespread effort to discover the â€Å"true† meaning of the invisible hand appears to have muddied the conceptual waters almost beyond recognition. There are now at least a dozen different versions of the invisible hand ranging from the more traditional interpretations to those which attach the phrase to such things as slavery and national defense. Smith’s invisible hand now suffers from multiple-conception disorder and the lack of an acceptable definition could render Smith’s concept scientifically useless. The opening quote from Khalil represents one of the few sensible modern interpretations of Smith (the process theorist) because it shows both how far modern interpreters have gone astray—painting Smith forward in time as a modern neoclassical welfare (end state) theorist, and why there is so much confusion—Smith’s three different uses of the phrase. To resolve the mystery of the meaning of the invisible hand, I would like to go backward in time and show that Smith discovered the general conceptual framework for the invisible hand in Richard Cantillon’s Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en General (hereafter, Essai). Cantillon’s model of the isolated estate represents a revolutionary breakthrough in economic theory and both of Smith’s economic applications of the invisible hand—which hitherto have been understood to be disconnected—can be found in it. This linkage between Smith and Cantillon permits us to describe the invisible hand as the processes that constitute price theory, competition, and distribution. First, however i will briefly describe the heated debate in the general-interest journals over the meaning of the invisible hand and then present the broader connections that scholars have made between Cantillon and Smith. Part I Understood as a metaphor Smith uses the metaphor in the context of an argument against protectionism and government regulation of markets, but it is based on very broad principles developed by Bernard Mandeville, Bishop Butler, Lord Shaftesbury, and Francis Hutcheson. In general, the term â€Å"invisible hand† can apply to any individual action that has unplanned, unintended consequences, particularly those which arise from actions not orchestrated by a central command and which have an observable, patterned effect on the community. Bernard Mandeville argued that private vices are actually public benefits. In â€Å"The Fable of the Bees† (1714), he laments that the â€Å"bees of social virtue are buzzing in Man’s bonnet†: that civilized man has stigmatized his private appetites and the result is the retardation of the common good. Bishop Butler argued that pursuing the public good was the best way of advancing one’s own good since the two were necessarily identical. Lord Shaftesbury turned the convergence of public and private good around, claiming that acting in accordance with one’s self-interest will produce socially beneficial results. An underlying unifying force that Shaftesbury called the â€Å"Will of Nature† maintains equilibrium, congruency, and harmony. This force, if it is to operate freely, requires the individual pursuit of rational self-interest, and the preservation and advancement of the self. Francis Hutcheson also accepted this convergence between public and private interest, but he attributed the mechanism, not to rational self-interest, but to personal intuition, which he called a â€Å"moral sense. † Smith developed his own version of this general principle in which six psychological motives combine in each individual to produce the common good. In â€Å"The Theory of Moral Sentiments†, vol. II, page 316, he says, â€Å"â€Å"By acting according to the dictates of our moral faculties, we necessarily pursue the most effective means for promoting the happiness of mankind. †Ã¢â‚¬  Contrary to common misconceptions, Smith did not assert that all self-interested labour necessarily benefits society, or that all public goods are produced through self-interested labour. His proposal is merely that in a free market, people â€Å"usually† tend to produce goods desired by their neighbours. The tragedy of the commons is an example where self-interest tends to bring an unwanted result. Moreover, a free market arguably provides numerous opportunities for maximizing one’s own profit at the expense (rather than for the benefit) of others. The tobacco industry is often cited as an example of this: the sale of cigarettes and other tobacco products certainly brings a very good revenue, but the industry’s critics deny that the social benefits (the pleasures associated with smoking, the camaraderie, the feeling of doing something â€Å"cool†) can possibly outbalance the social costs. Part II Economists’ Interpretation of The Wealth of Nations quote The concept of the Invisible Hand is nearly always generalized beyond Smith’s original discussion of domestic versus foreign trade. Smith himself participated in such generalization, as is already evident in his allusion to â€Å"many other cases†, quoted above. Notice that the invisible hand is here considered a natural inclination, not yet a social mechanism as it was later classified by Leon Walras and Vilfredo Pareto. Many economists claim that the theory of the Invisible Hand states that if each consumer is allowed to choose freely what to buy and each producer is allowed to choose freely what to sell and how to produce it, the market will settle on a product distribution and prices that are beneficial to the all individual members of a community, and hence to the community as a whole. The reason for this is that greed will drive actors to beneficial behavior. Efficient methods of production will be adopted in order to maximize profits. Low prices will be charged in order to undercut competitors. Investors will invest in those industries that are most urgently needed to maximize returns, and withdraw capital from those that are less efficient in creating value. Students will be guided to prepare for the most needed (and therefore most remunerative) careers. And all these effects will take place dynamically and automatically. It also works as a balancing mechanism. For example, the inhabitants of a poor country will be willing to work very cheaply. Entrepreneurs can make great profits by building factories in poor countries. But since they increase the demand for labor, they will increase its price. And since the new producers will also become consumers, local businesses will have to hire more people in order to provide for them the things that they want to consume. As this process continues, the labor prices will eventually rise to the point at which there is no advantage for the foreign countries doing business in the formerly poor country. Overall, this mechanism will cause the local economy to function on its own. In The Wealth of Nations Smith provides a metaphor that illustrates the simplicity of the principle: It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our necessities but of their advantages. Nobody but a beggar chooses to depend chiefly upon the benevolence of their fellow-citizens. Part III Examples and arguments A very simple real world example of how the invisible hand is supposed to ork is the queue for a supermarket checkout. Each customer getting in line selfishly chooses to maximize his own interest, that is to checkout in the shortest time, regardless of the other customers. Their utility maximizing choice is to get in queue in the shortest line, this means that eventually customers queue up in lines all of the same length. Therefore even without the slightest direction and by following only their selfishness, the lines are all of the same length, which is clearly the most efficient disposition. (This examples also illustrates the ties between economics and game theory. Note that to reap these benefits, the market should at least exist — in the total absence of regulation, if people were allowed to cut the queue, the result of selfish pursuit of interests would be a crowded mess. Also, as this example also illustrates, economists have a particular understanding of efficiency. If a woman in the supermarket seeking to checkout is pregnant, carrying a crying child who is diabetic and who needs to eat dinner in the shortest amount of time possible, then it may be more efficient to allow her to jump the queue. Since Smith’s time, the principle of the invisible hand has been further incorporated into economic theory. Leon Walras developed a four equation general equilibrium model which concludes that individual self-interest operating in a competitive market place produces the unique conditions under which a society’s total utility is maximized. Vilfredo Pareto used an edgeworth box contact line to illustrate a similar social optimality. Ludwig von Mises, in Human Action, claims that Smith believed that the invisible hand was that of God. He did not mean this as a criticism, since he held that secular reasoning leads to similar conclusions. The invisible hand is traditionally understood as a concept in economics, but Robert Nozick argues in Anarchy, State and Utopia that substantively the same concept exists in a number of other areas of academic discourse under different names, notably Darwinian natural selection. In turn, Daniel Dennett has argued in Darwin’s Dangerous Idea that this represents a â€Å"universal acid† which may be applied to a number of seemingly disparate areas of philosophical enquiry (consciousness and free will in particular).

How is sociology important in your family Essay

John J. Macionis explains the importance of sociology in family in the thirteenth chapter, ‘Family and Religion’ of his book ‘Society, The Basics’. When the analysis is done on micro-level we learn that individuals get formed up and learn a lot through the experience of family life. Members of the family especially children build emotional bonds, become intimate with one another and above all are taught about their culture and values. Family gives an ideal picture of marriage and it is seen that matured individuals in United States find great pleasure in upbringing their own children. The structural functional approach of importance of family for society at macro level according to Macionis is, The family performs vital tasks, including socializing the young and providing emotional and functional support for members. The family helps regulate sexual activity. The social conflict approach is, The family perpetuates social inequality by handing down wealth from one generation to the next. The family supports patriarchy as well as racial and ethnic inequality. The symbolic interaction approach is, The reality of family life is constructed by members in their interaction. Courtship typically brings together people who offer the same level of advantages. (Society, The Basics, Chapter Thirteen, Family and Religion, Page- 24) Macionis explains how is sociology important to your family and family is also equally important to the society. In fact, describing the basic concepts of the family, Macionis explains that Family- a social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to oversee the bearing and raising of children. (Society, The Basics, Chapter Thirteen, Family and Religion, Page- 2) As there have been development and changes in the society, family structure as well as cultural norms have also changed and modified. There have been both pros and cons of the development and they need to be understood in order to prevent the dark effects of progress on society and families as well. The family performs a lot of duties, which includes mainly of providing material and emotional security to its members and socialization. Due to increase in divorce rates and broken families these duties are not completely performed. Society depends upon families in many aspects and family on the other hand plays a role in social classification based on values and ethics. Macionis writes that every marriage consists of two dissimilar relationships in which one is that of men and the other of women. The expectations and anticipations of both the genders are different but marriage stays on the pillars of mutual understanding. People’s thinking have changed regarding having babies through new technologies of reproduction which help reduce the rate of birth defects and also help those couples have their own children who suffer with some deficiency or so. There has been stress on the importance of religion on society and individuals and history depicts that there have been many social reform movements that have been promoted due to religiosity. It is believed that outbreak of industrial revolution was because of religious principles and doctrine of Calvinism. There have been lots of problems and transitions in family life because history portrays women as property of men and domestic violence as a private concern and these concepts are changing with time. These are the points of discussion and detailed information found in this chapter, ‘Family and Religion’ from the book, ‘Society, The Basics’ by Macionis that I appreciate and like the most.

How Evolution Explains Zebra Stripes

It turns out that zebras are not referees at the horse games as many children may think. In fact, the patterns of the black and white stripes on a zebra are an evolutionary adaptation that has benefits for the animals. Several different and  plausible hypotheses have been proposed for the reason behind the stripes ever since Charles Darwin first came on the scene. Even he puzzled over the significance of the stripes. Over the years, different scientists have suggested the stripes could either be to help camouflage the zebras or confuse predators. Other ideas were to lower body temperature, repel insects, or to help them socialize with one another. The Evolutionary Advantage of Stripes A study, done by Tim Caro and his team from the University of California, Davis, pitted all of these hypotheses against each other and studied the statistics and data gathered. Remarkably, the statistical analysis showed over and over again that the most likely explanation for the stripes was to keep flies from biting the zebras. Although the statistical research is sound, many scientists are careful about declaring that hypothesis the winner until more specific research can be done. So why would stripes be able to keep the flies from biting the zebras? The pattern of the stripes seems to be a deterrent to the flies possibly due to the make up of the flies eyes. Flies have a set of compound eyes, just like humans do, but the way they see out of them is much different. Most species of flies can detect motion, shapes, and even color. However, they do not use cones and rods in their eyes. Instead, they evolved small individual visual receptors called  ommatidia. Each compound eye of the fly has thousands of these ommatidia that create a very broad field of vision for the fly. Another difference between human and fly eyes is that our eyes are attached to muscles that can move our eyes. That allows us to be able to focus as we look around. A flys eye is stationary and cannot move. Instead, each ommatidium collects and processes information from different directions. This means the fly is seeing in several different directions at once and its brain is processing all of this information at the same time. The striped pattern of a zebras coat is a sort of optical illusion to the flys eye because of its inability to focus and see the pattern. It is hypothesized that the fly either misinterprets the stripes as different individuals, or it is a sort of depth perception issue where the flies simply just miss the zebra as they try to feast on it. With the new information from the team at the University of California, Davis, it may be possible for other researchers in the field to experiment and get more information about this very advantageous adaptation for zebras and why it works to keep the flies at bay. As stated above, however, many scientists in the field are hesitant to back this research. There are many other hypotheses as to why zebras have stripes, and there may be several contributing factors as to why zebras have stripes. Just like several human traits are controlled by multiple genes, zebra stripes may be the equivalent for the zebra species. There may just be more than one reason as to why the zebras evolved stripes and not having flies biting them may just be one of them (or a pleasant side effect of the real reason).